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Arduino UNO-Based Smart Train Barrier System with Ultrasonic, Motion, and Light Sensors

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Circuit Documentation

Summary

This circuit is designed to control a train barrier system using an Arduino UNO. The system includes various sensors and actuators such as an ultrasonic sensor, motion sensor, laser emitter, photoresistor, LED, buzzer, and a servo motor. The Arduino UNO reads inputs from the sensors and controls the actuators based on the sensor readings.

Component List

  1. Resistor (200 Ohms)

    • Pins: pin1, pin2
    • Description: Used to limit current in the circuit.

  2. Arduino UNO

    • Pins: UNUSED, IOREF, Reset, 3.3V, 5V, GND, Vin, A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, SCL, SDA, AREF, D13, D12, D11, D10, D9, D8, D7, D6, D5, D4, D3, D2, D1, D0
    • Description: Microcontroller used to control the entire circuit.

  3. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

    • Pins: VCC, TRIG, ECHO, GND
    • Description: Used to measure distance to detect the presence of a train.

  4. KY-008 Laser Emitter

    • Pins: SIG, 5v, GND
    • Description: Emits a laser beam used in conjunction with the photoresistor to detect interruptions.

  5. HC-SR501 Motion Sensor

    • Pins: GND, OUT, VCC
    • Description: Detects motion to activate the laser emitter.

  6. KY-018 LDR Photo Resistor

    • Pins: Signal, VCC, Ground
    • Description: Detects the presence of the laser beam to determine if it is interrupted.

  7. Buzzer

    • Pins: PIN, GND
    • Description: Emits sound when the laser beam is interrupted.

  8. LED (Red)

    • Pins: cathode, anode
    • Description: Lights up when the laser beam is interrupted.

  9. Micro Servo 9G

    • Pins: GND, +5V, PWM
    • Description: Controls the barrier to allow or block passage.

Wiring Details

Resistor (200 Ohms)

Arduino UNO

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

KY-008 Laser Emitter

HC-SR501 Motion Sensor

KY-018 LDR Photo Resistor

Buzzer

LED (Red)

Micro Servo 9G

Code Documentation

#include <Servo.h>

// Pin definitions for components
int motionPin = 2;         // HC-SR501 Motion Sensor
int laserPin = 3;          // KY-008 Laser
int photoResistorPin = A0; // Photoresistor
int buzzerPin = 4;         // Buzzer
int ledPin = 5;            // LED
int servoPin = 6;          // Servo motor
int trigPin = 7;           // TRIG pin of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
int echoPin = 8;           // ECHO pin of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Servo barrierServo;

void setup() {
  // Initialize pin modes
  pinMode(motionPin, INPUT);
  pinMode(laserPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

  // Attach the servo motor and set its initial position
  barrierServo.attach(servoPin);
  barrierServo.write(0); // Barrier is initially lowered

  // Initialize serial communication for debugging
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

// Function to measure distance using HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
long measureDistance() {
  // Send ultrasonic pulse
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

  // Read the time taken for the echo to return
  long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, 30000); // 30ms timeout

  // Calculate distance in centimeters
  long distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

  return distance;
}

void loop() {
  // Read the state of sensors
  int motionDetected = digitalRead(motionPin);    // Motion sensor state
  int lightLevel = analogRead(photoResistorPin);  // Photoresistor light level
  long distance = measureDistance();             // Ultrasonic sensor distance

  Serial.print("Distance: ");
  Serial.println(distance);

  // Condition: If the train has stopped (distance <= 10 cm), deactivate laser
  if (distance <= 10) {
    digitalWrite(laserPin, LOW); // Turn off laser
    barrierServo.write(0);       // Lower the barrier
    Serial.println("Train detected. Laser deactivated.");
    delay(100);                  // Allow people to board the train
    return;                      // Skip the rest of the loop iteration
  }

  // Condition: If motion is detected, activate laser
  if (motionDetected == HIGH) {
    digitalWrite(laserPin, HIGH); // Turn on laser
    Serial.println("Motion detected. Laser activated.");

    // Check if the laser beam is interrupted
    if (lightLevel < 800) { // 800 is the threshold for the photoresistor
      Serial.println("Laser interrupted!");
      digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Turn on the buzzer
      digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);    // Turn on the LED
      barrierServo.write(90);        // Raise the barrier (90 degrees)
      delay(500);                    // Allow the person to pass
    } else {
      barrierServo.write(0);         // Lower the barrier if no interruption
      digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);  // Turn off the buzzer
      digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);     // Turn off the LED
    }
  } else {
    // If no motion is detected, turn off the laser and lower the barrier
    digitalWrite(laserPin, LOW);
    barrierServo.write(0);
  }

  delay(100); // Delay for stability
}

// The code that i wrote for the prorotype
#include <Servo.h>

const int trigPin = 7;
const int echoPin = 8;
const int ledPin = 9;
const int buzzerPin = 10;  
const int motionPin = 11;  
Servo barrierServo;        

void setup() {