Circuit Documentation

Summary

This circuit is designed to interface an Arduino Nano with various sensors and an LCD display to create an anemometer system. The anemometer measures wind speed and direction, displaying the results on the LCD. The system includes trimmer potentiometers for calibration, resistors for current limiting and voltage division, an LM358 operational amplifier for signal conditioning, and an IR sensor for detecting wind speed and direction. The Arduino Nano serves as the central processing unit, running the embedded code to read sensor data, calculate wind parameters, and manage the LCD display output.

Component List

Arduino Nano

• Microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
• Provides digital and analog I/O pins
• Used for controlling the entire system

Trimmer Potentiometer (x2)

• Variable resistor with a knob for adjustment
• Used for calibration or setting reference voltages

Resistor (100 Ohms)

• Fixed resistor used for current limiting or voltage division

Resistor (10k Ohms)

• Fixed resistor used for current limiting or voltage division

Resistor (200 Ohms)

• Fixed resistor used for current limiting or voltage division

IR Sensor

• Sensor for detecting objects or motion
• Used for measuring wind speed and direction

LM358

• Dual operational amplifier for signal amplification and conditioning

LCD Display (16 pin)

• Alphanumeric liquid crystal display
• Used for displaying wind speed and direction

5V Battery

• Power source for the circuit

Wiring Details

Arduino Nano

• GND connected to system ground
• 5V connected to 5V from the resistor and trimmer potentiometer
• A0 to A5 connected to LCD Display data and control pins
• D13/SCK connected to LM358 output

Trimmer Potentiometer

• leg1 connected to 5V supply
• wiper connected to LCD display contrast or LM358 input
• leg2 connected to system ground

Resistor (100 Ohms, 10k Ohms, 200 Ohms)

• One end connected to a voltage source or signal line
• The other end connected to ground, a load, or another signal line

IR Sensor

• out connected to LM358 input
• gnd connected to system ground
• vcc connected to 5V supply through a resistor

LM358

• OUTPUT 1 connected to Arduino Nano D13/SCK
• INPUT+ connected to IR sensor output through a resistor
• INPUT- connected to IR sensor output
• VEE, GND connected to system ground
• VCC connected to 5V supply

LCD Display (16 pin)

• VSS and K connected to system ground
• VDD connected to 5V supply
• VO connected to trimmer potentiometer wiper
• RS, E, DB4 to DB7 connected to Arduino Nano A0 to A5
• R_W connected to system ground
• A connected to 5V through a resistor

5V Battery

• + connected to 5V supply line
• - connected to system ground

Documented Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, 3);

#define Sensor1 11
#define Sensor2 10
#define Sensor3 9
#define Sensor4 2
#define Sensor5 4
#define Sensor6 5
#define Sensor7 12
#define Sensor8 A5
#define Sensor9 13

float t, t1, t2;
float windSpeed;

bool state = true;
bool count = true;

int S1 = 0;
int S2 = 0;
int S3 = 0;
int S4 = 0;
int S5 = 0;
int S6 = 0;
int S7 = 0;
int S8 = 0;
int S9 = 0;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);  // start serial for output
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  pinMode(Sensor1, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor2, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor3, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor4, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor5, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor6, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor7, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor8, INPUT);
  pinMode(Sensor9, INPUT);

  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Arduino Based ");
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  lcd.print("Anemometer");
  delay(3000);
  lcd.clear();
}

void loop() {

  if (state == 0)
  {
    if (count == 0)
    {
      readSensor();
      windDirection();
      if (S9 == 1)
      {
        t2 = millis();
        t = t2 - t1;
        t = t / 1000;
        windSpeed = (2 * 3.1416 * 0.0001 * 3600) / t ;
        lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
        lcd.print("Wind: ");
        lcd.print(windSpeed);
        lcd.print("kmh");
        count = true;
      }
    }

    else {
      readSensor();
      windDirection();
      if (S9 == 0)
      {
        t1 = millis();
        count = false;
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    readSensor();
    windDirection();
//   Serialprint();
    if (S9 == 1)
    {
      state = 0;
    }
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("Wind: ");
    lcd.print("0 ");
    lcd.print("kmh");
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print("Direction:");
  }
}

void readSensor()
{
  S1 = digitalRead(Sensor1);
  S2 = digitalRead(Sensor2);
  S3 = digitalRead(Sensor3);
  S4 = digitalRead(Sensor4);
  S5 = digitalRead(Sensor5);
  S6 = digitalRead(Sensor6);
  S7 = digitalRead(Sensor7);
  S8 = digitalRead(Sensor8);
  S9 = digitalRead(Sensor9);
}

void windDirection()
{
  if (S7 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("0");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("N   ");
  }
  else if (S8 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("45");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("NE ");
  }
  else if (S1 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("90");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("E  ");
  }

  else if (S2 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("135");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("SE");
  }
  else if (S3 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("180");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("S ");
  }
  else if (S4 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("225");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("SW");
  }
  else if (S5 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("270");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("W ");
  }
  else if (S6 == 1)
  {
    lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
    lcd.print("315");
    lcd.write(223);
    lcd.print("NW");
  }

}

void Serialprint()
{
  Serial.print(S1);
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print(S1);
  Serial.print("\t");
  lcd.setCursor(1, 0);
  Serial.print(S2);
  lcd.print(S2);
  Serial.print("\t");
  lcd.setCursor(2, 0);
  Serial.print(S3);
  lcd.print(S3);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S4);
  lcd.print(S4);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S5);
  lcd.print(S5);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S6);
  lcd.print(S6);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S7);
  lcd.print(S7);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S8);
  lcd.print(S8);
  Serial.print("\t");
  Serial.print(S9);
  lcd.print(S9);
  Serial.println("\t");
}

This code initializes the LCD and configures the Arduino's digital pins as inputs for the sensors. It includes functions to read the sensor states and determine the wind direction. The main loop manages the state of the anemometer, reads sensor data, calculates wind speed, and updates the LCD display accordingly.