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Arduino Mega 2560-Based Obstacle and Water Detection System with Vibration and Buzzer Alerts

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Circuit Documentation

Summary

This document provides a detailed overview of a circuit designed to detect obstacles and water using ultrasonic sensors, and to alert the user through a vibration motor and a buzzer. The circuit is controlled by an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. The system includes multiple ultrasonic sensors, a soil sensor, a vibration motor, a buzzer, and a rocker switch for emergency situations.

Component List

  1. Rocker Switch

    • Pins: 1, 2
    • Description: A switch used to activate or deactivate the emergency mode.
    • Purpose: To provide a manual override for emergency situations.

  2. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

    • Pins: VCC, TRIG, ECHO, GND
    • Description: Ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement.
    • Purpose: To detect obstacles at various heights and water levels.

  3. Vibration Motor

    • Pins: +, -
    • Description: A motor that provides haptic feedback.
    • Purpose: To alert the user through vibrations when an obstacle is detected.

  4. Buzzer

    • Pins: GND, IN
    • Description: An audio alert device.
    • Purpose: To provide an audible alert in emergency situations or when water is detected.

  5. Lipo Battery 2200mAH 30c

    • Pins: VCC, GND
    • Description: A rechargeable battery.
    • Purpose: To power the entire circuit.

  6. Arduino Mega 2560

    • Pins: IOREF, RESET, 3V3, 5V, GND, VIN, A0-A15, D0-D53, AREF, SDA, SCL
    • Description: A microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560.
    • Purpose: To control the sensors, motor, and buzzer based on the programmed logic.

  7. Soil Sensor

    • Pins: VCC, GND, D0, A0
    • Description: A sensor to measure soil moisture.
    • Purpose: To detect the presence of water.

Wiring Details

Rocker Switch

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Upper)

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Middle)

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Bottom)

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Water)

Vibration Motor

Buzzer

Lipo Battery 2200mAH 30c

Arduino Mega 2560

Soil Sensor

Documented Code

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <NewPing.h>

// Pin Definitions
#define TRIG_PIN_UPPER 2     // Upper ultrasonic sensor (obstacles above user)
#define ECHO_PIN_UPPER 3
#define TRIG_PIN_MIDDLE 4    // Middle ultrasonic sensor (front obstacles)
#define ECHO_PIN_MIDDLE 5
#define TRIG_PIN_WATER 10    // Bottom ultrasonic sensor (water detection)
#define ECHO_PIN_WATER 11
#define TRIG_PIN_BOTTOM 12   // Bottom ultrasonic sensor (replacing IR)
#define ECHO_PIN_BOTTOM 13
#define VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN 9
#define ROCKER_SWITCH_PIN 8  // Emergency rocker switch
#define BUZZER_PIN 7

// Constants
#define MAX_DISTANCE 200     // Maximum distance in cm for ultrasonic sensors
#define WATER_THRESHOLD 10   // Threshold for water detection in cm
#define DETECTION_DELAY 100  // Delay between detection cycles
#define PWM_HIGH 255         // High-speed vibration
#define PWM_MEDIUM 128       // Medium-speed vibration
#define PWM_LOW 64           // Low-speed vibration

// Objects for ultrasonic sensors
NewPing sonarUpper(TRIG_PIN_UPPER, ECHO_PIN_UPPER, MAX_DISTANCE);
NewPing sonarMiddle(TRIG_PIN_MIDDLE, ECHO_PIN_MIDDLE, MAX_DISTANCE);
NewPing sonarWater(TRIG_PIN_WATER, ECHO_PIN_WATER, MAX_DISTANCE);
NewPing sonarBottom(TRIG_PIN_BOTTOM, ECHO_PIN_BOTTOM, MAX_DISTANCE); 

// Global Variables
volatile bool emergencyActive = false; // Emergency flag

void setup() {
    pinMode(VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(ROCKER_SWITCH_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
    pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);

    // Interrupt for emergency rocker switch
    attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(ROCKER_SWITCH_PIN), handleEmergencyInterrupt, CHANGE);

    // Start Serial for debugging
    Serial.begin(9600);
    Serial.println("System Initialized.");
}

void loop() {
    if (emergencyActive) {
        // Activate buzzer for emergency
        digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);
        Serial.println("Emergency Mode Active! Buzzer ON.");
    } else {
        // Turn off emergency buzzer and handle other functionality
        digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);
        handleUpperSensor();
        handleMiddleSensor();
        handleBottomSensor();  
        handleWaterDetection();
    }

    delay(DETECTION_DELAY); // Small delay between cycles
}

// Interrupt Service Routine for Emergency System
void handleEmergencyInterrupt() {
    emergencyActive = (digitalRead(ROCKER_SWITCH_PIN) == LOW);
    Serial.print("Emergency Switch State Changed. Emergency Active: ");
    Serial.println(emergencyActive);
}

// Function to handle upper ultrasonic sensor
void handleUpperSensor() {
    int distance = sonarUpper.ping_cm();
    Serial.print("Upper Sensor Distance: ");
    Serial.print(distance);
    Serial.println(" cm");

    if (distance > 0 && distance <= 50) {
        Serial.println("Obstacle detected above. Vibrating motor at HIGH speed.");
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // Vibrate 3 times
            analogWrite(VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN, PWM_HIGH);
            delay(400);
            analogWrite(VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN, 0);
            delay(400);  // Adjust the pause between vibrations
        }
    } else if (distance > 50 && distance <= 100) {
        Serial.println("Obstacle detected above. Vibrating motor at MEDIUM speed.");
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // Vibrate 3 times
            analogWrite(VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN, PWM_MEDIUM);
            delay(400);
            analogWrite(VIBRATION_MOTOR_PIN, 0);
            delay(400