Circuit Documentation

Summary of the Circuit

This circuit is designed to manage a parking system with an RFID-based entry control, vehicle type detection, and parking space monitoring. It uses an Arduino UNO as the central microcontroller to interface with various sensors and peripherals, including IR sensors for vehicle detection, an RFID reader for access control, a servo motor to operate a gate, a buzzer for audible alerts, and an I2C LCD for displaying information.

Component List

Arduino UNO

• Microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
• It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

RFID-RC522

• A radio frequency identification (RFID) reader module that operates at 13.56 MHz.
• It is used for contactless communication and can read and write to RFID tags.

IR Sensors

• Infrared sensors used for detecting the presence of a vehicle.
• Each sensor has an output pin that goes high when an object is detected.

Servo

• A motor capable of precise control of angular position.
• It is used to operate the gate in the parking system.

16x2 I2C LCD

• A liquid crystal display that can show 16 characters per line with 2 lines.
• It uses the I2C communication protocol for interfacing with the Arduino.

MKE-S04 IR Infrared Flame Sensor

• An infrared sensor designed to detect flames.
• In this circuit, it may be repurposed for vehicle detection or similar applications.

Buzzer

• An electronic buzzer that can produce a tone when powered.
• It is used for audible alerts in the parking system.

Wiring Details

Arduino UNO

• 5V and GND pins are used to power the IR sensors, servo, LCD, and RFID-RC522 module.
• Digital pins D2 to D13 and analog pins A0 to A5 are used to interface with the IR sensors, servo, RFID-RC522 module, and LCD.

RFID-RC522

• VCC (3.3V) connected to the 3.3V output of the Arduino UNO.
• RST connected to digital pin D9 of the Arduino UNO.
• GND connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.
• IRQ is not used in this circuit.
• MISO, MOSI, SCK, SDA connected to digital pins D12, D11, D13, D10 respectively of the Arduino UNO.

IR Sensors

• vcc connected to the 5V output of the Arduino UNO.
• gnd connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.
• out connected to various digital pins on the Arduino UNO for vehicle detection.

Servo

• VCC connected to the 5V output of the Arduino UNO.
• GND connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.
• PWM connected to digital pin D5 of the Arduino UNO.

16x2 I2C LCD

• VCC connected to the 5V output of the Arduino UNO.
• GND connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.
• SDA and SCL connected to analog pins A4 and A5 respectively of the Arduino UNO.

MKE-S04 IR Infrared Flame Sensor

• 5V connected to the 5V output of the Arduino UNO.
• GND connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.
• SIG connected to analog pin A1 of the Arduino UNO.

Buzzer

• PIN connected to digital pin D2 of the Arduino UNO.
• GND connected to the ground of the Arduino UNO.

Documented Code

#include <Servo.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

// Pin Definitions
#define RST_PIN 9 // Reset Pin for RFID
#define SS_PIN 10 // Slave Select Pin for RFID
#define BUZZER_PIN 3 // Buzzer Pin
#define SERVO_PIN 5 // Servo Motor Pin for Gate
#define LED_PIN 6 // LED for indication

// IR Sensor Pins (5 for 2-wheelers, 3 for 3-wheelers, 2 for 4-wheelers)
int IR_SENSOR_PINS[] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}; 
int laneIRSensorPins[] = {12, 13, A0}; // IR sensors in the dedicated lane

int parkingSpots[3] = {5, 3, 2}; // Available parking spots for 2W, 3W, 4W

// RFID Setup
MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance

// LCD Setup
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // LCD with I2C address 0x27

// Servo Setup
Servo gateServo;

// Variables for traffic monitoring
int vehicleCountLane = 0; // Vehicle count in the lane
int trafficDensity = 0; // Traffic density (0: low, 1: medium, 2: high)
unsigned long lastTimeChecked = 0;
unsigned long trafficCheckInterval = 5000; // Interval to check traffic density (5 seconds)

// Define valid RFID tags
String validRFIDTag[] = {"123456789", "987654321", "112233445"};  // Example valid RFID tags

void setup() {
  // Initialize LCD
  lcd.begin(16, 2);  // 16 columns, 2 rows (standard for most LCDs)
  lcd.backlight();

  // Initialize RFID
  SPI.begin();
  rfid.PCD_Init();

  // Initialize Buzzer
  pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);

  // Initialize IR sensor pins
  for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(IR_SENSOR_PINS) / sizeof(IR_SENSOR_PINS[0]); i++) {
    pinMode(IR_SENSOR_PINS[i], INPUT);
  }

  // Initialize Lane IR sensor pins
  for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(laneIRSensorPins) / sizeof(laneIRSensorPins[0]); i++) {
    pinMode(laneIRSensorPins[i], INPUT);
  }

  // Initialize Servo
  gateServo.attach(SERVO_PIN);
  gateServo.write(0); // Close gate initially

  // Start with displaying welcome message
  lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
  lcd.print("Welcome to Parking");
  delay(2000);
  lcd.clear();
}

void loop() {
  // Check for RFID tag
  if (rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {
    if (rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {
      String rfidTag = "";
      for (byte i = 0; i < rfid.uid.size; i++) {
        rfidTag += String(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
      }
      rfidTag.toUpperCase();

      // Validate RFID tag
      if (isValidRFID(rfidTag)) {
        // Identify vehicle type and guide to parking
        int vehicleType = getVehicleType(rfidTag); // 1=2-wheeler, 2=3-wheeler, 3=4-wheeler
        guideToParking(vehicleType);

        // Control gate
        gateServo.write(90); // Open gate
        delay(5000); // Give time to pass
        gateServo.write(0); // Close gate

      } else {
        // Invalid RFID
        triggerBuzzer();
      }
    }
  }

  // Detect parking space occupancy (check IR sensor status)
  checkParkingStatus();

  // Monitor traffic flow in the lane and update traffic density
  monitorTrafficFlow();

  // Wait for next RFID scan
  delay(1000);
}

bool isValidRFID(String tag) {
  for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(validRFIDTag) / sizeof(validRFIDTag[0]); i++) {
    if (validRFIDTag[i] == tag) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

int getVehicleType(String rfidTag) {
  // Logic to determine vehicle type based on RFID tag (could be from database)
  if (rfidTag == "123456789") return 1; // 2-wheeler
  if (rfidTag == "987654321") return 2; // 3-wheeler
  return 3; // 4-wheeler
}

void guideToParking(int vehicleType) {
  // Display parking guidance on LCD
  lcd.clear();
  if (vehicleType == 1) {
    lcd.print("2-Wheeler Park A");
    if (parkingSpots[0] > 0) {
      parkingSpots[0]--;
    }
  } else if (vehicleType == 2) {
    lcd.print("3