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Arduino Mega 2560-Based Ultrasonic Sensor Array with Bluetooth and Raspberry Pi Integration

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Circuit Documentation

Summary

This circuit integrates a variety of components including an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, multiple HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors, a vibration motor, a diode, a capacitor, a transistor, resistors, a lipo battery, a rocker switch, a DC buck step-down converter, a DC voltage sensor, an LED, a pushbutton, a buzzer, an HC-05 Bluetooth module, a Raspberry Pi 4B, a logic level converter, and an HD webcam. The circuit is designed to interface with sensors, control actuators, and communicate with a Bluetooth module, while being powered by a lipo battery through a step-down converter. The Raspberry Pi 4B is included for more complex processing tasks, and the logic level converter ensures safe voltage levels between devices.

Component List

Microcontroller

  • Arduino Mega 2560: A microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 with numerous digital and analog I/O pins.

Sensors

  • HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic distance sensors that provide distance measurements via sonar.

Actuators

  • Vibration Motor: A small motor that vibrates when powered.
  • Buzzer: An electronic buzzer that emits sound when powered.

Power Components

  • Lipo Battery 2200mAh 30C: A rechargeable battery that provides power to the circuit.
  • XL4015 5A DC Buck Step-down: A voltage step-down module that converts higher voltage to a lower voltage.
  • Rocker Switch: A switch that controls the connection of the circuit to the power source.

Signal Conditioning

  • 1N4007 Rectifier Diode: A diode that allows current to flow in only one direction.
  • Ceramic Capacitor: A small capacitor that can filter out voltage spikes.
  • NPN Transistor (CBE): A transistor that can switch or amplify electronic signals.
  • Resistors: Components that resist the flow of electric current.

Communication Modules

  • HC-05 Bluetooth Module: A Bluetooth module for wireless communication.

Interface and Conversion

  • Adafruit 4-channel I2C-safe Bi-directional Logic Level Converter: A device that safely steps down 5V signals to 3.3V and steps up 3.3V to 5V.

Indicators

  • LED (Red): A light-emitting diode that illuminates when powered.

Control and User Interface

  • Pushbutton: A button that can be used to trigger events in the circuit.

Processing

  • Raspberry Pi 4B: A small computer that can handle complex processing tasks.

Miscellaneous

  • HD Webcam: A high-definition camera for capturing video.

Wiring Details

Arduino Mega 2560

  • 3V3: Connected to the anode of the 1N4007 Rectifier Diode, Ceramic Capacitor, and Vibration Motor's positive terminal.
  • 5V: Powers the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors and the logic level converter's HV pin.
  • GND: Common ground for various components including the XL4015 step-down converter's input, DC voltage sensor, LED, HC-05 Bluetooth module, and others.
  • VIN: Connected to the output of the rocker switch.
  • A0: Receives analog input from the DC voltage sensor.
  • D21/SCL, D20/SDA: Connected to the logic level converter for I2C communication.
  • D19/RX1, D18/TX1: Serial communication with the HC-05 Bluetooth module.
  • D10 PWM: Connected to the pushbutton.
  • D52, D50, D48, D46, D44: Control and receive signals from the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors and the buzzer.
  • D53, D51, D49, D47, D45: Additional control pins for the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors.

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors

  • VCC: Powered by the Arduino's 5V pin.
  • TRIG: Trigger pins connected to various digital pins on the Arduino.
  • ECHO: Echo pins connected to various digital pins on the Arduino.
  • GND: Connected to the common ground.

Vibration Motor

  • POS: Connected to the 3V3 pin of the Arduino.
  • NEG: Connected to the cathode of the 1N4007 Rectifier Diode.

1N4007 Rectifier Diode

  • Anode: Connected to the 3V3 pin of the Arduino.
  • Cathode: Connected to the negative terminal of the Vibration Motor and the collector of the NPN Transistor.

Ceramic Capacitor

  • pin0: Connected to the 3V3 pin of the Arduino.
  • pin1: Connected to the cathode of the 1N4007 Rectifier Diode.

NPN Transistor (CBE)

  • collector: Connected to the cathode of the 1N4007 Rectifier Diode.
  • base: Connected to a resistor.
  • emitter: Connected to the common ground.

Resistors

  • 1kΩ and 200Ω resistors: Used for current limiting and voltage division in various parts of the circuit.

Lipo Battery 2200mAh 30C

  • VCC: Provides power to the rocker switch.
  • GND: Connected to the common ground.

Rocker Switch

  • input: Connected to the VCC of the lipo battery.
  • output: Connected to the VIN of the Arduino and the input of the XL4015 step-down converter.

XL4015 5A DC Buck Step-down

  • Input +: Connected to the output of the rocker switch.
  • Input -: Connected to the common ground.
  • Output +: Powers the Raspberry Pi 4B's 5V pin.
  • Output -: Connected to the Raspberry Pi 4B's ground.

DC VOLTAGE SENSOR

  • GND: Connected to the common ground.
  • Vin: Connected to the input of the XL4015 step-down converter.
  • S: Sends analog voltage level to the Arduino's A0 pin.

LED (Red)

  • cathode: Connected to the common ground.
  • anode: Connected to a 200Ω resistor.

Pushbutton

  • Pin 2 (in): Connected to the D10 PWM pin of the Arduino.
  • Pin 4 (out): Connected to the common ground.

Buzzer

  • PIN: Connected to the D52 pin of the Arduino.
  • GND: Connected to the common ground.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

  • Key, State: Not connected in the provided net list.
  • VCC: Powered by the logic level converter's HV pin.
  • GND: Connected to the common ground.
  • TXD: Connected to the D19/RX1 pin of the Arduino.
  • RXD: Connected to the D18/TX1 pin of the Arduino.

Raspberry Pi 4B

  • 5V: Powered by the output of the XL4015 step-down converter.
  • 3V3: Connected to the LV pin of the logic level converter.
  • GPIO2, GPIO3: Connected to the A2 and A1 pins of the logic level converter, respectively.
  • GND: Connected to the common ground.

Adafruit 4-channel I2C-safe Bi-directional Logic Level Converter

  • GND: Connected to the common ground.
  • A4, A3, A2, A1: Connected to the Raspberry Pi GPIOs and the Arduino I2C pins.
  • LV: Connected to the 3V3 pin of the Raspberry Pi.
  • B4, B3, B2, B1: Connected to the Arduino I2C pins.
  • HV: Connected to the 5V pin of the Arduino.

HD Webcam

  • D, S: Not connected in the provided net list.

Documented Code

Arduino Mega 2560 Code (sketch.ino)

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:

}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

}

Note: The provided code for the Arduino Mega 2560 is a template with empty setup and loop functions. The actual functionality needs to be implemented based on the requirements of the circuit.